Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 1
Foreword by IFAC................................................................................................................. 3
Foreword by the Authors ....................................................................................................... 4
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 1 – Introduction & Context ...................................................................................... 10
1.1 – Why Care About Environmental Issues?................................................................ 10
1.2 – Accounting Concepts And Language ..................................................................... 12
1.3 – Environmental Accounting Context, Concepts And Language.............................. 13
Chapter 2 – EMA Definition(s), Uses, Benefits And Challenges.......................................... 19
2.1 – What Is EMA? ........................................................................................................ 19
2.2 – Types Of Information Included Under EMA.......................................................... 20
2.3 – Uses And Benefits Of EMA ................................................................................... 23
2.4 – EMA Challenges – Current Accounting Practices.................................................. 26
Chapter 3 – Physical Information: Flow of Energy, Water, Materials and Wastes............... 30
3.1 – Physical Information and Environmental Performance Indicators......................... 30
3.2 – Detailed Description of Types of Physical Information ......................................... 33
3.3 – Materials Inputs ...................................................................................................... 34
3.4 – Product Outputs ...................................................................................................... 35
3.5 – Non-Product Outputs (Waste and Emissions) ........................................................ 36
Chapter 4 – Monetary Information: Environment-Related Costs and Earnings.................... 37
4.1 – Cost Categories ....................................................................................................... 37
4.2 – Monetary Environmental Performance Indicators.................................................. 41
4.3 – Detailed Description of Cost Categories................................................................. 41
4.4 – Environment-Related Earnings and Savings .......................................................... 52
4.5 – Distribution of Costs by Environmental Domain ................................................... 53
Chapter 5 – Selected Examples of EMA Applications for Internal Management................. 56
5.1 – EMA at the Site and Organization Level................................................................ 57
5.2 – EMA at the Materials Level.................................................................................... 61
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
5.3 – EMA at the Project-Level ....................................................................................... 69
Chapter 6 – Selected Examples of EMA Applications and Links Related to Other
Types of Accounting and External Reporting Initiatives ................................................ 72
6.1 – EMA Links to National Accounting and Reporting ............................................... 72
6.2 – EMA Links to Financial Accounting and Reporting .............................................. 75
6.3 – EMA Links to Corporate Environmental Performance Reporting ......................... 77
Appendix A – Bibliography................................................................................................... 80
Appendix B – Where to go for More Information................................................................. 86